Exploring the Role of Inflammatory Genes and Immune Infiltration in Vestibular Schwannomas Pathogenesis.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:39525307", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 3, "content_hash": "sha256:ce60b6092fc812ebac9e6d337e74c9c417c837388fe3c74c27624d7614ff6692", "created_at": "2026-11-01T20:29:47Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:13:06Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Exploring the Role of Inflammatory Genes and Immune Infiltration in Vestibular Schwannomas Pathogenesis.", "doi": "10.2147/JIR.S476745", "pmid": "39525307", "authors": ["Jinlu Gan", "Yanling Zhang", "Deqiang Lei", "Yingchun Zhou", "Hongyang Zhao", "Lei Wang"], "journal": "Journal of inflammation research", "year": 2024, "abstract": "Background: Vestibular schwannomas (VSs) exhibit a range of tumor behaviors, such as growth patterns and auditory dysfunction. Recent research has offered insights into the inflammatory microenvironment in modulating tumor dynamics. This study investigates the role of inflammatory genes and immune infiltration in VS pathogenesis.\nMethods: We retrieved mRNA microarray data of VSs and normal nerves from the GEO database (GSE141801, GSE108524, and GSE56597), focusing on bioinformatic analysis of inflammatory response genes. Based on the evidence provided by bioinformatics analysis, we assessed the expression levels of Iba-1, IL-10, IL-10RA, and IL-18 in 31 VS patients via immunohistochemistry and delved into their association with tumor size and auditory dysfunction.\nResults: We identified 1117 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in VSs compared to normal nerves, showing an upregulation in inflammatory pathways. Intersection with inflammatory response genes (IRG) yielded 41 significant IRG-DEGs. Network analysis identified a core module of 10 IRG-DEGs and 11 hub genes, most of which were inflammatory cytokines. Immune infiltration analysis showed macrophage activation and M2 polarization. These findings were validated in an independent dataset (GSE39645). To further explore the association between inflammation and tumor behaviors, immunohistochemistry analysis was conducted on VS samples and the results exhibited notable associations between the macrophage marker (Iba1) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-10RA, and IL-18) with both tumor size and auditory dysfunction. In particular, the multiple regression analysis of inflammatory cytokines demonstrated that IL-10 and IL-10RA were statistically significant predictors of tumor size, while IL-18 was associated with hearing loss.\nConclusion: Our study underscores the role of inflammation in VS pathogenesis, showing that macrophage activation with M2 polarization and the expression of inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-10/IL-10RA and IL-18, are linked to tumor size and auditory function. This study highlights the inflammatory landscape's impact on VS behaviors, providing a basis for targeted therapeutic strategies.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "Given the intricacies of real-world data, we further conducted the multiple regression analysis of inflammatory cytokines to distill their interaction effects.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:39525307", "locator": "sections[22] \"Inflammatory Cytokine Expression in Vestibular Schwannomas and Its Association with Tumor Size and Auditory Dysfunction\" paragraph 3", "quote": "Given the intricacies of real-world data, we further conducted the multiple regression analysis of inflammatory cytokines to distill their interaction effects."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The mRNA microarray expression profiles of VS and normal nerves were obtained from NCBI GEO database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo),11 including four datasets (GSE141801, GSE108524, GSE56597, and GSE39645).", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:39525307", "locator": "sections[3] \"Data Acquisition\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The mRNA microarray expression profiles of VS and normal nerves were obtained from NCBI GEO database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo),11 including four datasets (GSE141801, GSE108524, GSE56597, and GSE39645)."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": null, "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:39525307"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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