Luteolin Alleviates Inflammation Induced by Staphylococcus aureus in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells by Attenuating NF-κB and MAPK Activation.

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Numerous plants contain Lut, a natural flavonoid with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, little is known about Lut's ability to reduce inflammation caused by S. aureus in bMECs. This research aimed to evaluate the mechanism by which Lut reduces S. aureus-induced inflammation in bMECs. Through GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, researchers analyzed the differentially expressed genes in bMECs infected with S. aureus in NCBI GEO (GSE139612) and also analyzed the targets of Lut predicted by various online platforms. These studies identified two overlapping signaling pathways, the NF-κB and the MAPK pathways. We stimulated bMECs with S. aureus for two hours and then added Lut for ten hours, with a total duration of twelve hours. The expression levels of TLR2-MyD88-TRAF6 components, inflammatory cytokines, and protein phosphorylation associated with the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways were then assessed. Based on all of the results, Lut inhibited the generation of inflammatory cytokines in bMECs that were induced by S. aureus through the TLR2, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling pathways. This process might account for the anti-inflammatory properties of Lut.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "After per-forming the normality test, Student’s t-tests or one-way ANOVA were used to analyze group differences.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:40005856", "locator": "sections[11] \"2.9. 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