Identification of Potential Biomarkers and Immune Cell Signatures in COVID-19 Myocarditis Through Bioinformatic Analysis.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:40230577", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 4, "content_hash": "sha256:6c89e4fcfdf71ae2550f9fa390af8975ac0c5801309c9ba5e8700ea5e6f3fd43", "created_at": "2026-11-01T20:30:23Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:56:21Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Identification of Potential Biomarkers and Immune Cell Signatures in COVID-19 Myocarditis Through Bioinformatic Analysis.", "doi": "10.1155/crp/2349610", "pmid": "40230577", "authors": ["Yongfei Song", "Xiaofei Wang", "Dongdong Tong", "Xiaoyan Huang", "Xiaojun Jin", "Chuanjing Zhang", "Jianhui Liu", "Bo Guo", "Chen Huang", "Jiangfang Lian"], "journal": "Cardiology research and practice", "year": 2025, "abstract": "Objective: The present study aims to elucidate the significance of immune cell infiltration in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) myocarditis and identify potential diagnostic markers for this condition. Myocarditis, an inflammatory cardiac disease, primarily results from viral infections. Although the association between COVID-19 and myocarditis is well-established, the specific mechanism(s) underlying this relationship remain incompletely understood. Methods: The GSE53607 and GSE35182 datasets were obtained from the GEO database, which contains samples from a mouse model for viral myocarditis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and candidate biomarkers were selected using the LASSO regression model and support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) analysis. Subsequently, the diagnostic potential of these biomarkers was evaluated by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Further validation of the biomarkers was conducted using the GSE183850 dataset, which consists of samples from patients with COVID-19 myocarditis. In addition, CIBERSORT analysis was employed to estimate the compositional patterns of 22 types of immune cell fractions in merged cohorts. Results: Thirty genes were identified, with a significant proportion of the DEGs being associated with carbohydrate binding, endopeptidase activity, and pathogenic organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus and coronavirus disease. Importantly, gene sets related to the IL6-JAK-STAT3 signaling pathways, inflammatory response, and interferon response exhibited differential activation in viral myocarditis compared to the control group. In addition, in the context of COVID-19 myocarditis patients from the GSE183850 dataset, B2M and C3 were established as diagnostic markers that were subsequently validated (AUC = 0.978 and AUC = 0.956, respectively). Furthermore, analysis of immune cell infiltration revealed correlations between B2M and C3 expression levels and the activation of NK cells, dendritic cells, T cells CD4 memory resting, as well as eosinophils. Conclusion: B2M and C3 have been identified as potential biomarkers for viral myocarditis, providing valuable insights for future investigations into the pathogenesis of COVID-19-associated myocarditis.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "Diagnostic efficacy of the included biomarkers was assessed through ROC curve analysis, and Spearman's correlation was employed to analyze gene biomarkers expression and infiltrating immune cells' relationship.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:40230577", "locator": "sections[10] \"2.8. Statistical Analysis\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Diagnostic efficacy of the included biomarkers was assessed through ROC curve analysis, and Spearman's correlation was employed to analyze gene biomarkers expression and infiltrating immune cells' relationship."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. These data can be found here: GSE53607 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE53607), GSE35182 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE35182), and GSE183850 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE183850). The inquiries of original contributions presented in the study can be directed to the corresponding authors.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:40230577", "locator": "sections[21] \"Data Availability Statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. These data can be found here: GSE53607 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE53607), GSE35182 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE35182), and GSE183850 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE183850). The inquiries of original contributions presented in the study can be directed to the corresponding authors."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "In addition, in the context of COVID-19 myocarditis patients from the GSE183850 dataset, B2M and C3 were established as diagnostic markers that were subsequently validated (AUC = 0.978 and AUC = 0.956, respectively).", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:40230577", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 3", "quote": "In addition, in the context of COVID-19 myocarditis patients from the GSE183850 dataset, B2M and C3 were established as diagnostic markers that were subsequently validated (AUC = 0.978 and AUC = 0.956, respectively)."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "In addition, in the context of COVID-19 myocarditis patients from the GSE183850 dataset, B2M and C3 were established as diagnostic markers that were subsequently validated (AUC = 0.978 and AUC = 0.956, respectively).", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:40230577"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. This lane did not download the dataset or read its licence.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE183850"], "outputs": ["the source data with its repository provenance"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "run_analysis", "order": 3, "name": "Run the published analysis", "kind": "analysis", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "Apply the paper's statistical method to the resolved series and compare the result with the published target.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE183850"], "outputs": ["the replicated result and its comparison"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}], "materials": [], "instruments": [], "reagents": [], "conditions": {}, "gaps": []}, "data": {"state": "partial", "assets": [{"id": "source:pmid:40230577", "role": "manuscript", "format": "xml", "media_type": "application/xml", "uri": "https://doi.org/10.1155/crp/2349610", "sha256": "sha256:1e23d1b90ca958e7eaff7511e61bc1516729468a85db9a31092120048370a945", "bytes": 33985, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "10.1155/crp/2349610", "version": null, "note": "Full article fetched from PMC; the checksum covers the rendered section body, not the original XML bytes.", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC11996287", "source": "europe_pmc_fulltext", "coverage": "whole_body_without_references", "text_hash_scope": "rendered_section_body"}}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE183850", "role": "raw", "format": "geo-series", "media_type": "application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json", "uri": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE183850", "sha256": null, "bytes": null, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "GSE183850", "version": null, "note": "Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. These data can be found here: GSE53607 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE53607), GSE35182 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE35182), and GSE183850 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE183850). The inquiries of original contributions presented in the study can be directed to the corresponding authors.", "structure": {"repository": "GEO", "access_route": "GEO accession URL", "access_statement_verbatim": "Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. These data can be found here: GSE53607 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE53607), GSE35182 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE35182), and GSE183850 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE183850). 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These data can be found here: GSE53607 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE53607), GSE35182 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE35182), and GSE183850 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE183850). The inquiries of original contributions presented in the study can be directed to the corresponding authors.", "structure": {"repository": "GEO", "access_route": "GEO accession URL", "access_statement_verbatim": "Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. These data can be found here: GSE53607 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE53607), GSE35182 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE35182), and GSE183850 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE183850). 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These data can be found here: GSE53607 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE53607), GSE35182 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE35182), and GSE183850 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE183850). The inquiries of original contributions presented in the study can be directed to the corresponding authors.", "structure": {"repository": "GEO", "access_route": "GEO accession URL", "access_statement_verbatim": "Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. These data can be found here: GSE53607 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE53607), GSE35182 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE35182), and GSE183850 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE183850). 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