Evaluating the role of astragalus polysaccharide in modulating immune infiltration and enhancing prognostic biomarkers in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:40260377", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 4, "content_hash": "sha256:871aae03ec6e3184a2484c42cdc3ba85539cd9a63f374d813198fb93cb36e4b9", "created_at": "2026-11-01T20:30:25Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:56:23Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Evaluating the role of astragalus polysaccharide in modulating immune infiltration and enhancing prognostic biomarkers in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia.", "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2025.1538888", "pmid": "40260377", "authors": ["Min-Hui He", "Xian-Hui Zhang", "Ji-Hong Zhang", "Jie Pan", "Chao Yang"], "journal": "Frontiers in pharmacology", "year": 2025, "abstract": "Background: Childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) constitutes a significant proportion of pediatric malignancies, with current treatment options remaining limited. This study aimed to investigate the role of Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) in immune infiltration and prognosis of pediatric AML.\nMethods: Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the GEO database (dataset GSE2191), and APS-related genes (APSRGs) were obtained from the Swiss Target Prediction platform. DEGs with |logFC| > 1 and p < 0.05 were intersected with APSRGs to identify APS-related differentially expressed genes (APSRDEGs), visualized using a Venn diagram. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was conducted to identify hub genes. Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed to determine biological processes (BP), cellular components (CC), molecular functions (MF), and relevant pathways associated with the hub genes. Correlation analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and immune infiltration analysis were conducted to assess the relationship between hub genes and pediatric AML.\nResults: The GSE2191 dataset was divided into pediatric AML (PAML) and control groups. A total of 1,881 DEGs were identified, of which 20 were APSRDEGs. PPI network analysis revealed that 13 APSRDEGs were interconnected, and nine hub genes were identified: CASP3, PTPRC, ELANE, HMOX1, CHUK, FLT1, JAK3, CTSL, and AURKA. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that these genes were significantly associated with key biological processes, cellular components, molecular functions, and pathways involved in AML. ROC curve analysis revealed that the expression levels of the nine hub genes differed significantly between the PAML and control groups. Immune infiltration analysis demonstrated a strong correlation between several hub genes and immune cells, with HMOX1 showing the strongest positive correlation with neutrophils.\nConclusion: This study identified nine hub genes related to APS in pediatric AML. These findings suggest that APS may significantly affect immune infiltration and prognosis in pediatric AML, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic modulator for the disease.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "Differential gene expression analysis was conducted using the R package limma. The diagnostic performance of Hub genes was evaluated using ROC curves, plotted with the R package pROC.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:40260377", "locator": "sections[5] \"2.3 Identification of APS-related differentially expressed genes in pediatric AML\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Differential gene expression analysis was conducted using the R package limma."}, {"asset": "source:pmid:40260377", "locator": "sections[8] \"2.6 Differential expression validation and ROC curve analysis of hub genes\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The diagnostic performance of Hub genes was evaluated using ROC curves, plotted with the R package pROC."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary Material.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:40260377", "locator": "sections[30] \"Data availability statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary Material."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "This study identified nine hub genes related to APS in pediatric AML, and ROC analysis showed high classification accuracy for six of them and moderate accuracy for three.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:40260377", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 4", "quote": "This study identified nine hub genes related to APS in pediatric AML."}, {"asset": "source:pmid:40260377", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 3", "quote": "ROC curve analysis revealed that the expression levels of the nine hub genes differed significantly between the PAML and control groups."}, {"asset": "source:pmid:40260377", "locator": "sections[23] \"3.7 Differential expression validation and ROC curve analysis\" paragraph 2", "quote": "ROC curve analysis using the pROC package revealed high classification accuracy (AUC > 0.9) for six genes (PTPRC, HMOX1, CHUK, FLT1, CTSL, AURKA), while CASP3, ELANE, and JAK3 demonstrated moderate accuracy (0.7 < AUC < 0.9) (Figures 7A–J)."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "This study identified nine hub genes related to APS in pediatric AML, and ROC analysis showed high classification accuracy for six of them and moderate accuracy for three.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:40260377"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. This lane did not download the dataset or read its licence.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE2191"], "outputs": ["the source data with its repository provenance"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "run_analysis", "order": 3, "name": "Run the published analysis", "kind": "analysis", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "Apply the paper's statistical method to the resolved series and compare the result with the published target.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE2191"], "outputs": ["the replicated result and its comparison"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}], "materials": [], "instruments": [], "reagents": [], "conditions": {}, "gaps": []}, "data": {"state": "partial", "assets": [{"id": "source:pmid:40260377", "role": "manuscript", "format": "xml", "media_type": "application/xml", "uri": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1538888", "sha256": "sha256:84bb2fdc528c019a565570f17ec63598829bd04465a9573c67a68acf34e32703", "bytes": 41558, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "10.3389/fphar.2025.1538888", "version": null, "note": "Full article fetched from PMC; the checksum covers the rendered section body, not the original XML bytes.", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC12009888", "source": "europe_pmc_fulltext", "coverage": "whole_body_without_references", "text_hash_scope": "rendered_section_body"}}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE2191", "role": "raw", "format": "geo-series", "media_type": "application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json", "uri": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE2191", "sha256": null, "bytes": null, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "GSE2191", "version": null, "note": "The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. 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