Integrated bioinformatics analysis of biomarkers and pathways to explore the mechanisms and molecular targets related to allergic rhinitis and pyroptosis.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:40307356", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 3, "content_hash": "sha256:a654f46555b0e493640cdcdb9ec29829b59af1adcab4adf5e3b6b5676913ba59", "created_at": "2026-11-01T20:30:27Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:13:59Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Integrated bioinformatics analysis of biomarkers and pathways to explore the mechanisms and molecular targets related to allergic rhinitis and pyroptosis.", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-99955-0", "pmid": "40307356", "authors": ["Mingai You", "Fangrui Liu", "Youshijie Cai", "Guodong Yu"], "journal": "Scientific reports", "year": 2025, "abstract": "Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a condition with a rising global prevalence, though its specific pathogenic mechanisms remain elusive. Several studies have indicated that pyroptosis is one of the key mechanisms in the pathogenesis of AR. However, no research has investigated the molecular targets of pyroptosis in the context of AR. Our study endeavored to identify common biomarkers and mechanisms that could offer insights into the prevention of AR progression and novel therapeutic targets. Data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, including GSE51392, GSE43523, and GSE44037, were downloaded and analyzed through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), and random forest (RF) analysis to identify key intersecting genes associated with both AR and pyroptosis. The gene GZMA was identified as a significant candidate and was validated in another sample dataset (GSE101720). Western blot (WB) analysis confirmed the expression of GZMA in an AR mouse model. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were conducted to explore the functional roles of the shared genes. An immune infiltration matrix was established using CIBERSORT analysis to estimate the degree of immune cell infiltration in AR. Single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) was performed to analyze the biological functions of hub genes. In the immune infiltration matrix of AR, a reduced expression of Tregs was observed in the AR group. WB analysis further indicated elevated expression of GZMA in the AR group. As a gene related to both AR and pyroptosis, GZMA expression was positively correlated with the gene expression levels of CD8 + T cells. The reduction in Tregs and the increase in CD8 + T cells in AR, along with enhanced pyroptosis, contribute to the development of allergic inflammation. Therefore, it was hypothesized that GZMA could serve as a novel target for the prevention and treatment of AR.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "The ROC curve was generated via the pROC package 1.18.5.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:40307356", "locator": "sections[7] \"Analysis of PRG expression and ROC validation\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The ROC curve was generated via the pROC package 1.18.5."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The data sets supporting the results of this article are included within the article and its additional files.The datasets analyzed during the current study are available in the GEO repository at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/ (accession number: GSE43523, GSE44037, GSE51392, and GSE101720) (accessed on 2024.09.12).The GeneCards database was searched for pyroptosis at https://www.genecards.org (accessed on 2024.08.09).", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:40307356", "locator": "sections[32] \"Data availability\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The data sets supporting the results of this article are included within the article and its additional files.The datasets analyzed during the current study are available in the GEO repository at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/ (accession number: GSE43523, GSE44037, GSE51392, and GSE101720) (accessed on 2024.09.12).The GeneCards database was searched for pyroptosis at https://www.genecards.org (accessed on 2024.08.09)."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "GZMA was identified as a potential biomarker and novel therapeutic target for allergic rhinitis.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:40307356", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 1", "quote": "The gene GZMA was identified as a significant candidate and was validated in another sample dataset (GSE101720)."}, {"asset": "source:pmid:40307356", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 1", "quote": "As a gene related to both AR and pyroptosis, GZMA expression was positively correlated with the gene expression levels of CD8 + T cells."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "GZMA was identified as a potential biomarker and novel therapeutic target for allergic rhinitis.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:40307356"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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