Adenosine improves postmenopausal obesity by regulating neutrophil extracellular traps.

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Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to obesity were identified from the GEO database (GSE44000), followed by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction and functional enrichment analysis. Immune infiltration analysis was performed to assess changes in the adipose tissue microenvironment. In vivo, a bilateral ovariectomized (OVX) mouse model was employed to evaluate the effects of adenosine on obesity. RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to assess gene expression and NETs markers. A total of 510 DEGs were identified, with 469 upregulated genes primarily linked to inflammation and immune infiltration. PPI analysis highlighted key genes involved in NETs formation. Immune infiltration analysis revealed significant immune microenvironment alterations. Adenosine treatment in OVX mice reduced body weight, fat tissue, liver lipid deposition, and NETs markers (ELANE, MPO), downregulating TNF, ITGB2, and ITGAM. Adenosine ameliorates postmenopausal obesity by regulating markers of NETs, underscoring the critical role of inflammation in obesity pathogenesis and offering a potential novel therapeutic approach.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "DEGs were identified using the R package “limma” with selection thresholds set at |log₂ fold change| > 1 and P-value < 0.05.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:40634416", "locator": "sections[3] \"Acquisition of GEO datasets and identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs)\" paragraph 2", "quote": "DEGs were identified using the R package “limma” with selection thresholds set at |log₂ fold change| > 1 and P-value < 0.05."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available in the Gene Expression Omnibus repository, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi? acc=GSE44000.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:40634416", "locator": "sections[26] \"Data availability\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available in the Gene Expression Omnibus repository, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi? acc=GSE44000."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "A total of 510 DEGs were identified, with 469 upregulated genes primarily linked to inflammation and immune infiltration.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:40634416", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 1", "quote": "A total of 510 DEGs were identified, with 469 upregulated genes primarily linked to inflammation and immune infiltration."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "A total of 510 DEGs were identified, with 469 upregulated genes primarily linked to inflammation and immune infiltration.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:40634416"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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