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pmid:40867600
A Brief Review of MicroRNA Profiling in Human Prostate Cancer Tissues and Plasma.
Biomolecules · 2025 doi:10.3390/biom15081156
Paper
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Experiment
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Data
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Analysis
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Execution
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Complete file
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predictive of cancer progression", "[13,14]"], ["miR-221", "Downregulated", "Tissue", "Predictive of tumor suppression and cancer progression", "[14,19]"], ["miR-222", "Downregulated", "Tissue", "Predictive of tumor suppression and cancer progression", "[14,19]"], ["miR-30c", "Downregulated", "Tissue", "Predictive of cancer cell proliferation and invasion", "[14,20]"], ["miR-1225-5p", "Upregulated", "Tissue", "Predictive of tumor promotion", "[14]"], ["miR-663a", "Upregulated", "Tissue", "Predictive of tumor promotion", "[14]"], ["miR-335-5p", "Downregulated", "Tissue", "Predictive of apoptosis induction in prostate cancer", "[21]"], ["miR-21", "Upregulated", "Tissue", "Predictive of aggressive prostate cancer", "[15,22]"], ["miR-125b", "Upregulated", "Tissue", "Predictive of aggressive prostate cancer", "[23]"], ["miR-182-5p", "Upregulated", "Tissue", "Predictive tumor growth and differentiation", "[24,25]"], ["miR-183-5p", "Upregulated", "Tissue", "Predictive of tumor invasion and metastasis", "[25]"], ["miR-96-5p", "Upregulated", "Tissue", "Predictive of metastatic potential", "[25,26]"], ["miR-449b", "Upregulated", "Tissue", "Predictive of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy", "[27]"], ["miR-223-5p", "Downregulated", "Tissue", "Predictive of tumor suppression via ERG inhibition", "[28]"], ["miR-455-3p", "Downregulated", "Tissue", "Predictive of tumor suppression via eIF4E inhibition", "[29]"]], "row_count": 16, "column_count": 5, "numeric_cells": 30, "header_rows": 1, "locator": "section[7]/table-wrap[1]#biomolecules-15-01156-t001"}}, {"id": "asset:table:pmid:40867600:2", "role": "table", "format": "jats-table", "media_type": "application/vnd.jats.table+json", "uri": null, "sha256": "sha256:9a3d9691db784eeb173f61c68b9fc60c78e7a0a153889514ec34f318fdfcaecc", "bytes": 2034, "access": "open", "state": "verified", "reader": "read_table", "reader_status": "available", "identifier": "section[8]/table-wrap[1]#biomolecules-15-01156-t002", "version": null, "note": "miRNAs as therapeutic targets in prostate cancer.", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC12384506", "section_index": 8, "section_title": "3.2. miRNAs in Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer", "row_count": 16, "column_count": 5}, "table": {"label": "Table 2", "caption": "miRNAs as therapeutic targets in prostate cancer.", "rows": [["miRNA", "Expression in Prostate Cancer", "Location (Plasma/Tissue/Both)", "Therapeutic Role", "Authors"], ["miR-205", "Downregulated", "Tissue", "Tumor suppressor; potential therapeutic target for restoring tumor suppression", "[15,32]"], ["miR-221", "Downregulated", "Tissue", "Therapeutic target for inhibiting tumor progression", "[14,19]"], ["miR-222", "Downregulated", "Tissue", "Therapeutic target for inhibiting tumor progression", "[14,19]"], ["miR-30c", "Downregulated", "Tissue", "Therapeutic target for reducing cancer cell proliferation and invasion", "[14,20]"], ["miR-1225-5p", "Upregulated", "Tissue", "Therapeutic target for inhibiting tumor promotion", "[14]"], ["miR-663a", "Upregulated", "Tissue", "Therapeutic target for inhibiting tumor promotion", "[14]"], ["miR-21", "Upregulated", "Tissue", "Therapeutic target for reducing tumor growth and PTEN knockdown", "[22,49]"], ["miR-200 family", "Downregulated", "Tissue", "Therapeutic target for regulating cancer cell migration and tumor suppression", "[33]"], ["miR-23b", "Downregulated", "Tissue", "Therapeutic target for inhibiting tumor proliferation, migration, and metastasis", "[40,42]"], ["miR-449a/b", "Downregulated", "Tissue", "Therapeutic target for inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis", "[47,48]"], ["miR-582-5p", "Downregulated", "Tissue", "Therapeutic target for inhibiting TGF-β signaling and metastasis", "[35,37]"], ["miR-548c-3p", "Downregulated", "Tissue", "Therapeutic target for regulating ErbB and Hippo signaling pathways", "[38]"], ["miR-455-3p", "Downregulated", "Tissue", "Therapeutic target for inhibiting eIF4E and tumor growth", "[29]"], ["miR-223-5p", "Downregulated", "Tissue", "Therapeutic target for inhibiting ERG and tumor progression", "[28]"], ["miR-34a/c", "Downregulated", "Tissue", "Therapeutic target for reducing androgen receptor levels and tumor aggression", "[50,51]"]], "row_count": 16, "column_count": 5, "numeric_cells": 30, "header_rows": 1, "locator": "section[8]/table-wrap[1]#biomolecules-15-01156-t002"}}], "gaps": ["asset:source:pmid:40867600 not verified"]}, "analysis": {"state": "absent", "methods": [], "targets": [], "gaps": ["method", "targets"]}, "capability": {"state": "absent", "requirements": [], "gaps": ["capability"]}, "readiness": {"state": "partial", "tier": null, "blocking_axis": null, "blocked_on": null, "axes": {}, "can_run": {"dsl_operations": [], "assets": ["source:pmid:40867600", "asset:table:pmid:40867600:1", "asset:table:pmid:40867600:2"], "steps": ["read_published_estimate"]}, "must_build": {"dsl_operations": [], "converters": [], "readers": ["xml"], "capabilities": [], "data_gaps": ["source:pmid:40867600"]}, "gaps": ["corpus_record_absent"]}, "review": {"state": "partial", "machine_critique": {"status": "blocked", "providers": [{"provider": "minimax_alt", "model": "MiniMax-M3", "prompt_version": "full-text-reading-v1", "prompt_hash": "b6d013bc87c67433625d33d3c446623a24e297a917b55509f3633754c8c0ff1b", "source_hash": "91c103d03885e362b9d030aade1adceb797292501def031e09329d5815c8b0dc", "raw_response_sha256": "sha256:dd0ef93ca22ffd7c26490a13e12b14d8c4cf4233bf04bee8abcbf9624cc5b026", "raw_response_chars": 64514}], "target_providers": [{"provider": "minimax", "model": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "prompt_version": "replication-target-v2", "prompt_hash": "6db7e406284d8adbf79cd76e4bebb67a8d04f7647bcd446697afa2af428ac010", "source_hash": "91c103d03885e362b9d030aade1adceb797292501def031e09329d5815c8b0dc", "raw_response": "{\"parent_value\":2,\"unit\":\"miRNAs\",\"evidence\":\"Two miRNAs—miR-449b and miR-455-3p—were common in both compartments, highlighting their translational potential as liquid biopsy surrogates of tumor biology.\",\"target_result\":\"The headline main finding is that two miRNAs, miR-449b and miR-455-3p, were common to the prostate cancer tissue and plasma signatures.\",\"number_stated\":true}", "reading": {"parent_value": 2, "unit": "miRNAs", "evidence": "Two miRNAs—miR-449b and miR-455-3p—were common in both compartments, highlighting their translational potential as liquid biopsy surrogates of tumor biology.", "target_result": "The headline main finding is that two miRNAs, miR-449b and miR-455-3p, were common to the prostate cancer tissue and plasma signatures.", "number_stated": true, "source_locator": "chars 1327-1484 of source sha256 91c103d03885e362b9d030aade1adceb797292501def031e09329d5815c8b0dc"}, "recorded_at": "2026-10-31T15:32:44.244341+00:00"}, {"provider": "minimax_alt", "model": "MiniMax-M3", "prompt_version": "replication-target-v2", "prompt_hash": "c65627649851558dc0238d4141035e686d3bf3f0e85eb617c5aa2ce3aeb6862a", "source_hash": "91c103d03885e362b9d030aade1adceb797292501def031e09329d5815c8b0dc", "raw_response": "<think>We need answer JSON only. Need identify single numerical result replication registered target headline numerical result paper main finding. Source paper appears review/reanalysis, main finding two miRNAs common. But asks numerical result that replication has reproduce, headline number, value paper states for registered target. Registered target generic \"headline numerical result paper states for main finding\". Need infer likely number = two miRNAs? Unit maybe \"miRNAs\" and evidence exact contiguous quote. There are numerical results: 219 and 326 tissue, 12 plasma, two common. Main finding headline: \"Two miRNAs—miR-449b and miR-455-3p—were common in both compartments...\" Headline numerical result likely 2 miRNAs. Need unit as paper prints. Could unit \"miRNAs\". Evidence exact quote contains number. Maybe \"Two miRNAs...\" spelled word not numeral; parent_value numeric 2. They demand evidence contains number perhaps word counts? Exact quote. \"Two miRNAs—miR-449b and miR-455-3p—were common in both compartments, highlighting their translational potential as liquid biopsy surrogates of tumor biology.\" Number is textual word \"Two\". Unit printed \"miRNAs\". Could answer 2, unit \"miRNAs\", evidence exact clause. target_result likely \"Two miRNAs (miR-449b and miR-455-3p) were common in tissue and plasma.\" Need JSON valid.\n\nBut let's inspect wording: \"find the single numerical result that a replication of the registered target has to reproduce. Report the headline number only: the value the paper itself states for the registered target, not a value you calculated, converted, averaged or reconstructed.\" They may expect a number likely count from abstract. Registered target itself says headline numerical result main finding. The main finding is intersection of tissue/plasma miRNA signatures: 2 common miRNAs. They want \"headline number only\", so parent_value 2. Unit as printed likely \"miRNAs\". Evidence must exact contiguous quote, not shorten. They emphasize \"a number may be attached to target by parenthetical list, respectively, or words name target directly. When that is how text links them, quote whole clause\". We need quote full exact sentence perhaps. Evidence can be exact sentence. \"Two miRNAs—miR-449b and miR-455-3p—were common in both compartments, highlighting their translational potential as liquid biopsy surrogates of tumor biology.\" This contains \"Two\". Does \"number\" mean numeral? likely okay. Unit \"miRNAs\". target_result perhaps \"Two miRNAs, miR-449b and miR-455-3p, were common in both tissue and plasma.\" Need only headline number perhaps target_result should state result but not extra numerical. Could say \"miR-449b and miR-455-3p were common to tissue and plasma.\" The target result is 2. Ensure unit \"miRNAs\" exactly printed.\n\nBut let's entertain whether headline numerical result could be 24 inclusion criteria, 318 screened, etc. Main finding from abstract is \"Two miRNAs ... common in both compartments.\" Replication of registered target (headline numerical result) perhaps generated by benchmark where target is \"number of shared miRNAs\" and asks exact value. Yes.\n\nNeed output strict JSON no markdown. Evidence exact contiguous quote. Could quote whole sentence, including (3) Results? Exact source has \"(3) Results: Of ... Two...\" If we quote just sentence, contiguous and exact. It starts \"Two...\" and is exact. They say do not shorten it likely means don't alter quote, not necessarily include entire surrounding paragraph. Fine.\n\nUnit maybe \"miRNAs\". Parent_value 2. target_result perhaps \"Two miRNAs—miR-449b and miR-455-3p—were common in both compartments.\" That's effectively evidence duplicate. Should mention compartments tissue and circulation? To avoid calculated interpretation, use exact wording maybe target_result same result. JSON.</think>\n\n{\"parent_value\":2,\"unit\":\"miRNAs\",\"evidence\":\"Two miRNAs—miR-449b and miR-455-3p—were common in both compartments, highlighting their translational potential as liquid biopsy surrogates of tumor biology.\",\"target_result\":\"Two miRNAs—miR-449b and miR-455-3p—were common in both compartments.\",\"number_stated\":true}", "reading": {"parent_value": 2, "unit": "miRNAs", "evidence": "Two miRNAs—miR-449b and miR-455-3p—were common in both compartments, highlighting their translational potential as liquid biopsy surrogates of tumor biology.", "target_result": "Two miRNAs—miR-449b and miR-455-3p—were common in both compartments.", "number_stated": true, "source_locator": "chars 1327-1484 of source sha256 91c103d03885e362b9d030aade1adceb797292501def031e09329d5815c8b0dc"}, "recorded_at": "2026-10-31T15:32:53.036803+00:00"}], "agreement": false, "disagreements": [], "agreement_basis": {"policy": "decisive_fields", "decisive_fields": ["work_type", "number_stated", "parent_value", "unit"]}, "blinded": true}, "human_critique": {"status": "not_run", "reviewer": null, "signed_at": null, "conflict_checked": false, "commentary": null}, "stages": [{"key": "target_materials", "status": "pending", "reason": null, "evidence": null}, {"key": "independent_readings", "status": "blocked", "reason": "The independent readings are incomplete or disagree; the source evidence must resolve the difference.", "evidence": {"provider_errors": [{"provider": "minimax", "model": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "reason": "a quoted statement is absent from the supplied text", "raw_response": "{\n \"target_result\": \"In the GEO reanalysis, 219 miRNAs were differentially expressed in GSE54516 tissue, 326 in GSE21032 tissue, and 12 in GSE206793 plasma; miR-449b and miR-455-3p were common to both tissue and plasma.\",\n \"work_type\": \"analysis_only_for_target\",\n \"physical_methods\": [],\n \"analysis_methods\": [\n \"Re-analysis of three Gene Expression Omnibus datasets\",\n \"Quality, completeness, and normalization-parameter review\",\n \"Differential expression testing using Transcriptome Analysis Console (TAC) software\",\n \"False-discovery-rate and absolute log2 fold-change thresholding\",\n \"Intersection of tissue and plasma differentially expressed miRNA sets\"\n ],\n \"statistical_method\": \"Differential expression testing was performed with Transcriptome Analysis Console (TAC) software, applying p < 0.05 and a false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05; the reported differentially expressed sets used FDR < 0.05 and |log2FC| ≥ 1.\",\n \"method_evidence\": \"Differential expression testing was performed with Transcriptome Analysis Console (TAC) software, applying p < 0.05 and a false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05. The only comparison that yielded a statistically significant set of differentially expressed miRNAs (FDR < 0.05, |log2FC| ≥ 1) was between healthy controls (n = 5) and the high-risk prostate cancer group (n = 91).\",\n \"repositories\": [\n {\n \"repository\": \"Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO)\",\n \"accession\": \"GSE54516\",\n \"data_description\": \"A publicly available prostate-cancer tissue miRNA dataset containing 219 miRNAs and 99 patients.\",\n \"evidence\": \"In this study, three publicly available prostate cancer (PC) miRNA datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were selected to identify and compare differentially expressed miRNAs in both tissue and plasma. GSE54516 (GEO set 1, 219 miRNAs, 99 patients) [77] and GSE21032 (GEO set 2, 326 miRNAs, 127 patients) [78] focused on PC tissue, whereas GSE206793 (GEO set 3, 12 miRNAs, 96 patients) [79] examined miRNAs from plasma samples.\",\n \"publicly_downloadable\": true\n },\n {\n \"repository\": \"Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO)\",\n \"accession\": \"GSE21032\",\n \"data_description\": \"A publicly available prostate-cancer tissue miRNA dataset containing 326 miRNAs and 127 patients.\",\n \"evidence\": \"In this study, three publicly available prostate cancer (PC) miRNA datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were selected to identify and compare differentially expressed miRNAs in both tissue and plasma. GSE54516 (GEO set 1, 219 miRNAs, 99 patients) [77] and GSE21032 (GEO set 2, 326 miRNAs, 127 patients) [78] focused on PC tissue, whereas GSE206793 (GEO set 3, 12 miRNAs, 96 patients) [79] examined miRNAs from plasma samples.\",\n \"publicly_downloadable\": true\n },\n {\n \"repository\": \"Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO)\",\n \"accession\": \"GSE206793\",\n \"data_description\": \"A publicly available prostate-cancer plasma miRNA dataset containing 12 miRNAs and 96 patients.\",\n \"evidence\": \"In this study, three publicly available prostate cancer (PC) miRNA datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were selected to identify and compare differentially expressed miRNAs in both tissue and plasma. GSE54516 (GEO set 1, 219 miRNAs, 99 patients) [77] and GSE21032 (GEO set 2, 326 miRNAs, 127 patients) [78] focused on PC tissue, whereas GSE206793 (GEO set 3, 12 miRNAs, 96 patients) [79] examined miRNAs from plasma samples.\",\n \"publicly_downloadable\": true\n }\n ],\n \"availability_statement\": \"All data are presented in the manuscript.\",\n \"data_on_request\": false,\n \"source_claims\": [\n \"From the GEO reanalysis (false-discovery-rate < 0.05, |log2FC| ≥ 1), 219 and 326 miRNAs were differentially expressed in tissue, whereas 12 were altered in plasma.\",\n \"Two miRNAs—miR-449b and miR-455-3p—were common in both compartments, highlighting their translational potential as liquid biopsy surrogates of tumor biology.\",\n \"The only comparison that yielded a statistically significant set of differentially expressed miRNAs (FDR < 0.05, |log2FC| ≥ 1) was between healthy controls (n = 5) and the high-risk prostate cancer group (n = 91).\",\n \"As shown in Figure 1, miR-449b and miR-455-3p, discussed below, were identified in both tissue and plasma signatures, suggesting they may serve as circulating biomarkers for prostate cancer.\",\n \"Integrative tissue-and-plasma analysis identifies miR-449b and miR-455-3p as robust, concordant biomarkers with plausible functional relevance.\"\n ],\n \"missing_information\": [],\n \"evidence_spans\": [\n \"From the GEO reanalysis (false-discovery-rate < 0.05, |log2FC| ≥ 1), 219 and 326 miRNAs were differentially expressed in tissue, whereas 12 were altered in plasma.\",\n \"Two miRNAs—miR-449b and miR-455-3p—were common in both compartments, highlighting their translational potential as liquid biopsy surrogates of tumor biology.\",\n \"Differential expression testing was performed with Transcriptome Analysis Console (TAC) software, applying p < 0.05 and a false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05.\",\n \"The only comparison that yielded a statistically significant set of differentially expressed miRNAs (FDR < 0.05, |log2FC| ≥ 1) was between healthy controls (n = 5) and the high-risk prostate cancer group (n = 91).\",\n \"In this study, three publicly available prostate cancer (PC) miRNA datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were selected to identify and compare differentially expressed miRNAs in both tissue and plasma.\",\n \"GSE54516 (GEO set 1, 219 miRNAs, 99 patients) [77] and GSE21032 (GEO set 2, 326 miRNAs, 127 patients) [78] focused on PC tissue, whereas GSE206793 (GEO set 3, 12 miRNAs, 96 patients) [79] examined miRNAs from plasma samples.\",\n \"All data are presented in the manuscript.\"\n ]\n}"}]}}, {"key": "source_resolution", "status": "pending", "reason": null, "evidence": null}, {"key": "protocol_reconstruction", "status": "pending", "reason": null, "evidence": null}, {"key": "control_execution", "status": "pending", "reason": null, "evidence": null}, {"key": "control_comparison", "status": "pending", "reason": null, "evidence": null}, {"key": "publication", "status": "pending", "reason": null, "evidence": null}], "gaps": ["review.human_critique", "review.machine_critique.blocked"]}, "execution": {"state": "absent", "status": "not_run", "mode": null, "runs": [], "gaps": ["execution.not_run"]}, "provenance": {"entities": [{"id": "package:acbb0831bc0c3080816b350a7b5d26a1425de1ac95b84fed7be7b8eff581c5a6", "type": "sep_package", "label": "SEP v1 package for pmid:40867600"}], "activities": [{"id": "activity:conversion:pmid:40867600", "type": "conversion", "used": ["package:acbb0831bc0c3080816b350a7b5d26a1425de1ac95b84fed7be7b8eff581c5a6"], "agent": "agent:corpus-assay-engine"}], "agents": [{"id": "agent:minimax", "type": "model", "label": "minimax"}, {"id": "agent:minimax_alt", "type": "model", "label": "minimax_alt"}, {"id": "agent:corpus-assay-engine", "type": "software", "label": "Corpus assay engine"}], "source_run_id": "run-20261023T122449232913", "dsl_catalogue_fingerprint": "343fb30756ba6ec3", "capability_table_fingerprint": "2cb3e42f047d2ecf", "snapshot_id": "ba34b49490d9bfaf"}, "lineage": {"parent_id": "pmid:40867600", "parent_hash": "sha256:5f33622b157038bad5906a33468344984ad7389c3079f3219f698112003bf20b", "fork_of": null, "generation": 2}, "gaps": ["abstract", "asset:source:pmid:40867600 not verified", "authors", "capability", "corpus_record_absent", "execution.not_run", "method", "review.human_critique", "review.machine_critique.blocked", "step:obtain_source_data blocked on data:not_downloaded", "step:run_analysis blocked on no owned computational capability is bound to this experiment", "step:run_analysis input 'materials:the source data behind the published result in pmid:40867600' does not resolve to a declared asset", "targets"]}